Simple Past tense in Gujarati - Part 2

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http://learnmarathiwithkaushik.com/Gujarati-From-English/

All lessons from this blog and more are available there

In previous lesson (http://learn-gujarati-from-english.blogspot.in/2013/11/simple-past-tense-in-gujarati-part-1.html) we studied the simple past tense of અકર્મક ક્રિયાપદ(akarmak kriyApad) i.e. intransitive verbs (verbs that do not need accompanying noun). 

In this lesson, let us see examples of સકર્મક ક્રિયાપદ(sakarmak kriyApad) i.e. verb that needs noun. Two rules to be noted :-

1) The suffix is decided as per the gender and multiplicity of noun
2) Form of કર્તા(kartA) i.e. doer of action is changed. 

એ(e) is appended to proper noun and generally, ણે (Ne) is appended to pronoun. However, a few pronouns have different forms. So I have listed them all below

Pronoun in English	Pronoun in Gujarati	Form of Pronoun in Past Tense
I	હું (huM)	મેં  (meM )
we (listener excluded)	અમે (ame)	અમે (ame )
we (listener included)	આપણે(ApaNe)	આપણે  (ApaNe )
You (singular)	તું(tuM)	તેં  (teM )
You (plural)	તમે(tame)	તમે (tame)
He /She /It (when the person or thing is near ) / This (m./f./n.)	આ(A)	આણે  (ANe  )
He /She /It (when the person or thing is far) / That (m./f./n.)	એ  (e) તે(te)	એણે  (eNe ) તેણે  (teNe )
They / Those / These (for person )	આ(A)   એ  (e) તેઓ(teo)	આમણે (AmaNe ) એમણે (emaNe) તેઓએ  (teoe)/ તેમણે  (temaNe )
They / Those / These (for nonliving thing)	એ  (e)	એણે  (eNe )

Suffixes :- 

Gender & Multiplicity of object	Suffix to verb
Masculine Singular	યો (yo )
Feminine Singular	ઈ (I)
Neuter Singular	યું (yuM )
Masculine Plural	યા (yA)
Feminine plural	ઈ (I)
Neuter plural	યાં (yAM)

This is same as we discussed in ઓ-ઈ-ઉં-આ-ઈ-આં (o-I-uM-A-I-AM ) યો-ઈ-યું-યા-ઈ-યાં ( yo-I-yuM-yA-I-yAM ) rule


I saw a boy -> મેં છોકરો જોયો (meM Chokaro joyo )
Here, the doer of the action is "I". Its past tense form is મેં  (meM ).
Object is "boy" which is masculine singular so, suffix for verb is યો (yo )
જો(jo) + યો (yo )= જોયો (joyo )

I saw a girl -> મેં છોકરી જોઈ  (meM ChokarI joI )
Here, the doer of the action is "I". Its past tense form is મેં  (meM ).
Object is "girl" which is feminine singular. So, suffix for verb is ઈ (I)
જો(jo) + ઈ (I) = જોઈ  (joI )

I saw girls -> મેં છોકરીઓ જોઈ  (meM ChokarIo  joI )
Here doer of actions is "I". Its past tense form is મેં  (meM ).
Object is "girls" which is feminine plural. So, suffix for verb is ઈ (I)
જો(jo) + ઈ (I) = જોઈ  (joI )

I saw a tree-> મેં ઝાડ જોયું  (meM jhAD joyuM )
Here doer of actions is "I". Its past tense form is મેં  (meM ).
Object is "tree" which is neuter singular. So, suffix for verb is યું (yuM )
જો(jo) +યું (yuM ) = જોયું  (joyuM)


Example of polite form (plural to indicate respect). If you are talking about father; you will use for "તેમણે"
He bought bicycle -> તેમણે સાઇકલ ખરીદી (teoe/temaNe sAIkal kharIdI)When using "you(singular)" in the past tense, form of તું(tuM) is તેં  (teM )
You saw a boy -> તેં છોકરો જોયો (teM Chokaro joyo )
You saw a girl -> તેં છોકરી જોઈ  (teM ChokarI joI )
You saw a tree-> તેં ઝાડ જોયું  (teM jhAD joyuM)

Similar sentences with proper noun will be formed by appending એ(e) to proper noun. If ending vowel is અ(a) then એ(e) is mixed with last letter.
To create sentences for boy named રામ(Ram) we will use its form
રામ(ram) + એ(e)  -> રામે (rAme)
So sentences will be 

Ram saw a boy -> રામે છોકરો જોયો (rAme Chokaro joyo )
Ram saw a girl -> રામે છોકરી  જોઈ  (rAme ChokarI joI )
Ram saw a tree-> રામે ઝાડ જોયું  (rAme jhAD joyuM)

Similarly such sentences for girl named સીતા(sItA) will be 
સીતા(sItA) +  એ(e)  ->  સીતાએ ( sItAe )
As word is not ending with અ(a). So એ(e) is appended separately.

Sita saw a boy -> સીતાએ છોકરો જોયો (sITAe Chokaro joyo )
Sita saw a girl -> સીતાએ છોકરી  જોઈ  (sITAe ChokarI joI )
Sita saw a tree-> સીતાએ ઝાડ જોયું  (sITAe jhAD joyuM)

Exceptions:-
1) For verb જવું(javuM) the stem itself changes from જ(ja) to ગ(ga). So form become ગયો(gayo), ગઈ(gaI), ગયું(gayuM), ગયાં(gayAM), ગયાં(gayA)

2) For verb બેસવું(besavuM) feminine singular and plural is not બેસી(besI) it is બેઠી(beThI)



There are few verbs in which suffixes are different. Suffixes are 

Gender & Multiplicity of object	Suffix to verb
Masculine Singular	ધો (dho)
Feminine Singular	ધી(dhI)
Neuter Singular	ધું(dhuM )
Masculine Plural	ધા (dhA)
Feminine plural	ધી(dhI)
Neuter plural	ધાં (dhAM)

Such verbs are 
To Eat :-ખાવું ( khAvuM )
To Drink :- પીવું (pIvuM)
To take :- લેવું (levuM )

People ate tamarind -> લોકોએ આમલી ખાધી ( lokoe AmalI khAdhI )
You ate many "Dahiwada"s -> તેં બહુ દહીંવડા ખાધા (teM bahu dahiMvaDA khAdhA)
I drank water -> મેં પાણી પીધું(meM pANI pIdhuM)
He took steps -> એણે પગલાં લીધાં  (eNe pagalAM lIdhAM )

In past tense the stem of verb લેવું (levuM ) changes from લે(le) to લી(lI). So forms become લીધો(lIdho), લીધી(lIdhI), લીધું(lIdhuM), લીધા(lIdhAM), લીધાં(lIdhAM) .

Listen examples in this lesson at
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xf0D9s22XZ4

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Note :-  Right hand side of the blog shows "Blog Archive". Expand it fully to see whole list of posts to Learn Gujarati. Learn Gujarati grammar and many aspects Gujarati language online.

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